Arterial hypertension

Arterial hypertension is the causes of the occurrence of the occurrence of the diseases, diagnosis and treatment methods.

According to World Statistics, diseases of the heart cycle system are primarily under all causes of mortality.

Arterial hypertension is one of the most common diseases in the circulatory system, which also acts as a factor for the development of other heart diseases and blood vessels such as coronary heart disease, chronic heart failure, hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke.

Arterial hypertension is a continued increase in systolic (upper) blood pressure over 140 mm ed. Art.and/or diastolic (lower) over 90 mm ed. Art.According to the recommendations of the European Society for Arterial Hypertension and the European Society of Cardiologists, the criterion of arterial hypertension of 135/85 mm HG is taken over to measure the pressure of houses.Art.And above.

The main symptoms that are accompanied by an increase in blood pressure include headaches, nausea, ears in the ears, palpitations, reduced visual acuity, irritability, sweating.

Sometimes an increase in blood pressure can be asymptomatic.In this case, blood pressure control is required.

Varieties of arterial high blood pressure

Before we talk about increased blood pressure (blood pressure), it should be understood how the pressure should be normal.The blood pressure values are individual for each person.However, there is a generally recognized classification of blood pressure.

• Optimal where the systolic blood pressure is less than 120 mm Hg.Art. And the diastolic blood pressure is less than 80 mm ed. Art. 
• Normal, with the upper blood pressure values of 120 to 129 and lower values of 80 to 84 mm Hg.Art.
• High normal, with the upper blood pressure values in the interval between 130 and 139 mm Hg.Art.And lower in the interval of 85 to 89 mm ed. Art.

The arterial hypertension is divided depending on the measurement of the pressure according to the degree depending on the maximum values.

1st grade-systolic blood pressure 140-159 mm ed. Art.and/or diastolic blood pressure 90-99 mm ed. Art.

Systol blood pressure 2. degree 160-179 mm ed. Art.and/or diastolic blood pressure 100-109 mm ed. Art.

3RD-systolic blood pressure 180 and more mm ed. Art.and/or diastolic blood pressure 110 and more mm ed. Art.

Separated isolated isolated arterial hypertension if only systolic blood pressure increases by more than 140 mm Hg.ST and the diastolic remains within the normal values.

Causes of increased blood pressure

It is believed that most patients suffer with high pressure Primary arterial hypertension, the development of which cannot be connected to specific causes.This is the so -called essential arterial hypertension, which occurs more frequently in age -related patients.

In other cases, if a certain pressure of pressure is uncovered, it means secondary Arterial hypertension.

They differentiate between the main causes that lead to secondary arterial hypertension:

1. Kidney and blood vessels.These pathologies lead to a removal of the blood circulation intensity in the kidneys and, as a result, the release of the substances, which contribute to increasing blood pressure and compensation of the impaired kidney blood flow.Chronic kidney disease, chronic glomerulonephritis, urolithiasis - these diseases can lead to the development of arterial hypertension.Among the diseases of the blood vessels, the narrowing (stenosis) of the renal arteries is most frequently determined, which can be congenital pathology in adulthood or can occur with atherosclerosis. 

2. Different Endocrine diseases lead to the development of arterial hypertension and other related symptoms.For example, thyrotoxicosis is reinforced the production of thyroid hormones, which is accompanied by the appearance of a goiter (an increase in the gland itself), an increase in systolic blood pressure, a heartbeat, increased excitability and a decrease in body weight.In hypothyroidism, the products of the thyroid hormones are reduced.Pathologies are accompanied by endothelial dysfunctions and an impairment of the relaxation of the smooth muscle cells of blood vessels, which leads to an increase in the peripheral resistance of blood vessels.This helps increase blood pressure.Such patients are characterized by an increase in diastolic blood pressure, a slowdown of the impulse, weakness and fast tiredness.With pheochromocytoma (adjacent greens), the release of catecholamines (adrenaline, noradrenaline) increases into the blood, which leads to sharp blood pressure jumps to very high values.Arterial hypertension is a common satellite of obesity.Fat tissue cells (obocytes) produce organically active substances that influence the entire organism as a whole and especially on the vessels.Also, do not forget that the "additional" substance must also be blood supply, and this leads to an additional burden on the cardiovascular system. 
3. Different Heart diseases and blood vessels You can lead to high arterial pressure.For example, the Aorta co -cardboard is a local narrowing of the aortic lumen, frequent congenital pathology;Atherosclerotic narrowing of the vessels. 
4. Pregnancy (pre -declampsia). 
5. Arterial high blood pressure when taking Medication: Oral contraceptives, anabolic steroids, glucocorticosteroids, antidepressants.

It should be remembered by the factors that contribute to the development of arterial hypertension: hereditary predisposition, longer nervous rash, frequent stressful situations, excessive physical activity, smoking, alcohol abuse and coffee, the consumption of a large amount of salt and fatty foods.

What diseases do arterial hypertension occur?

The arterial hypertension is divided depending on the measurement of the pressure according to the degree depending on the maximum values.

We will give some of them.

• Atherosclerosis, including the renal arteries. 
• The lesion of kidney vessels (thrombosis, embolism, stenosis, compression of the kidney vessels with a tumor or organ). 
• Chronic pyelonephritis. 
• Chronic glomerulonephritis. 
• Chronic kidney disease. 
• Thyroid diseases (hypo and hyperthyroidism). 
• Izenko-Kush disease and syndrome. 
• Feochromocytom. 
• Primary hyperaldosteronism.
• Metabolic syndrome. 
• Aorta coarcation. 
• Pre-eclampsia.

Which doctors who should contact you when increasing blood pressure?

In order to determine the causes of increasing pressure, you should first contact the therapist.The doctor will carry out an examination and prescribe the required number of exams and consultations from specialists.Among them can be:

• Cardiologist; 
• Endocrinologist; 
• Neurologist; 
• Surgeon; 
• Ophthalmologist.

Diagnosis and examination with increasing blood pressure

First, the self -control of blood pressure at home is necessary when maintaining a diary, in which all measurements of the pressure should take medication and stress episodes in good time, which could cause a increase in blood pressure.

The following laboratory studies are prescribed to all patients in the first phase of the examination:

• Clinical blood test;
• General urine analysis;
• Biochemical blood tests (control of cholesterol; lipoproteins are very low; and high density to assess the risk of atherosclerosis, blood electrolytes - potassium, sodium, chlorine, calcium; creatine level; blood sugar levels);
• Blood testing for the level of glycated hemoglobin; 
• A blood test for the content of hormones (TH4 - T4; Triiodotyronin - T3; thyreotrope hormone - TSH; antibodies against the thyroid -peroxidase; antibodies against thyroidoglobulin).

If necessary, the doctor can prescribe a complex of laboratory and instrumental examination methods:

• daily monitoring of blood pressure; 
• Electrocardiographic study; 
• Echocardiography; 
• Holter Daily Monitoring; 
• Duplex scanning from Brachiephalous, 
• Kidney/iliac and lamp arteries; 
• Ultrasound examination of the kidneys and adrenal glands; 
• Examine the eye.

Treatment of arterial high blood pressure

Arterial hypertension is a disease whose development depends on many factors, and therefore the first recommendation when correcting the high pressure is a change in the lifestyle.

First, make changes to the diet: they limit the consumption of canned goods and finished products, sauces and mayonnaise and gradually reduce the amount of salt that are added to food.

The menu should contain more fresh vegetables, fruit and dairy products.Alcohol and smoking should also be limited.

In the presence of excess body weight and the absence of contraindications, a diet is used.Regular moderate physical exertion of at least half an hour a day contributes to the normalization of the vessel.

We shouldn't expect a quick effect of nutrition and physical education.At the beginning of the disease, however, these actions can play a positive role.

Depending on the stage and the degree of illness, drug therapy is prescribed.In clinical practice, several drug groups are used to treat arterial hypertension:

• Diuretics (diuretics); 
• Beta blocker; 
• Calcium channel antagonists; 
• Angiotinezinoproding enzyme (IAC) -inhibitor; 
• Angiotensin II receptoranizonist; 
• Central drugs.

Depending on the cause of the development and the course of the disease as well as related diseases, the doctor prescribes an individual treatment scheme.The therapy selected by the applicable doctor, the constant use of medicinal products and a change in the lifestyle helps to normalize blood pressure.

What to do with high pressure?

The pressure should not be reduced quickly: In the first two hours with support, blood pressure should not remove more than 20% of the initial high level.

If the blood pressure increased moderately, but the general borehole stable (there are no other symptoms), you should try to fall asleep or lie down with your eyes closed.If the pressure remains high after rest, it is necessary to take medication recommended by the treating doctor.

If an increase in blood pressure from severe headaches, dizziness, shortness of breath, visual impairment, pain, nausea or vomiting is associated, it is necessary to cause an ambulance.